Corporations are asserting their “human rights” to exploit the rest of us.
By George Monbiot. Published in the Guardian 4th October 2000
The location of the boundaries of our humanity is perhaps the key moral question of our age. Whether a test tube baby should be selected so that his cells can be used to save the life of his sister, whether one Siamese twin should die so that another can live, whether partial human embryos should be cloned and reared for organ transplants confront us with problems we have never had to face before. Medical advances, both wonderful and terrifying, are eroding the edges of our identity.
The new Human Rights Act is intended to provide us with some of the guidelines we need to help sort this out. It insists that we have an inalienable right both to life itself and to the freedoms without which that life would be wretched. But while the rights it guarantees have proved comparatively easy to define, curiously it is the concept of humanity which turns out to be precarious.
Human beings, you might have thought, are animate, bipedal creatures a bit like you and me. But the lawyers would have it otherwise. Big companies might not might not breathe or speak or eat (though they certainly reproduce), but they are now using human rights laws to claim legal protections and fundamental liberties. As their humanity develops, so ours diminishes.
Last month, a quarrying company called Lafarge Redland Aggregates took the Scottish environment minister to court on the grounds that its human rights had been offended. Article 6 of the European Convention determines that human beings should be allowed a fair hearing of cases in which they are involved “within a reasonable time”. Lafarge is insisting that the results of the public inquiry into its plan to dig up a mountain in South Harris have been unreasonably delayed. The company, as the campaigning academic Alastair McIntosh has argued, may have good reason to complain, but to use human rights law to press its case sets a frightening precedent.
The concept was developed in the United States. In 1868 the 14th amendment to the Constitution was introduced with the aim of extending to blacks the legal protections enjoyed by whites: equality under the law, the right to life, liberty and the enjoyment of property. By 1896, a series of extraordinary rulings by a corrupt, white and corporate-dominated judiciary had succeeded in denying these rights to the black people they were supposed to protect, while granting them instead to corporations.
Though black people eventually reclaimed their legal protections, corporate human rights were never rescinded. Indeed, while they have progressively extended the boundaries of their own humanity, the companies have ensured that ours is ever more restrained.
Firms in the United States have argued that regulating their advertisements or restricting their political donations infringes their “human right” to “free speech”. They have insisted that their rights to the “peaceful enjoyment of possessions” should oblige local authorities to grant them planning permission, and prevent peaceful protesters from gathering on their land.
At the same time, however, they have helped to ensure that the “social, economic and cultural” rights, which might have allowed us to challenge their dominance, remain merely “aspirational”. As the solicitor Daniel Bennett has pointed out, article 13 of the European Convention, under which we could have contested the corporations’ absolute control of fundamental resources, has been deliberately excluded from our own Human Rights Act.
Corporate human rights have been accompanied by a steady erosion of responsibilities. Limited liability allows them to shed their obligations towards their creditors. Establishing subsidiaries – regarded in law as separate entities – allows them to shed their obligations towards the rest of us. And while they can use human rights laws against us, we can’t use human rights laws against them, as these were developed to constrain only the activities of states. As far as the law is concerned, corporations are now more human than we are.
The potential consequences are momentous. Governments could find themselves unable to prevent the advertising of tobacco, the dumping of toxic waste or the export of arms to dictatorships. Yet in Britain the public discussion of this issue has so far been confined to the pages of the Stornoway Gazette.
The creatures we invented to serve us are taking over. While we have been fretting about the power of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, our domination by bodies we created but have lost the means to control has already arrived. It is surely inconceivable that we should grant human rights to computers. Why then should they be enjoyed by corporations?